South America

Amazônia, or "The Amazon," is a vast and awe-inspiring region of South America. Often called the "lungs of the Earth," this immense lush green forest, stretching across nine countries, is home to unparalleled plant and animal life, making it one of the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystems. Comprising the Amazon rainforest, the Amazon biome, the Amazon basin, and the Amazon River, Amazônia plays a crucial role in regulating the planet's climate and producing oxygen.

Argentina's cultural landscape is a vibrant tapestry woven with threads from indigenous civilizations, colonial influences, and waves of immigration. This intricate fabric reflects a nation where diverse traditions, beliefs, and expressions coexist, creating a unique and captivating cultural identity.

Argentina is the second largest country in South America after Brazil and the eighth largest country in the world. With the Andes forming its western border with Chile, the country's varied geography can be grouped into five geographic regions or sectors and seven natural regions or ecosystems.

The culture of Bolivia is incredibly diverse and rich, reflecting the country's multicultural heritage and blending indigenous, European, and African influences. The cultural landscape of Bolivia is shaped by its history, geography, and the traditions of its various ethnic groups.

Stretching in a broad arc across western Bolivia, the Andes define the country's geographic zones. The Western zone features the Andes and the Altiplano. The Central zone features the Semitropical Yungas, the Highland Valleys, and the Gran Chaco. The Eastern Zone features the Tropical Lowlands.

Brazil has a rich and diverse cultural landscape shaped by its history, indigenous heritage, African influence, European colonization, and immigrant communities. The country is known for its vibrant arts, music, dance, cuisine, literature, and religious practices.

Brazil is South America's largest country, occupying half of its landmass. It is the fifth largest country in the world and is regarded as the most biodiverse country on Earth. The country is conventionally divided into five geographic regions corresponding to its significant landforms and biomes.

The Central Amazon Ecological Corridor is a crucial protected expanse in Brazil, embracing a variety of ecosystems, habitats, and species within the Amazon Rainforest. Spanning the core of the Amazon Basin, this corridor serves a pivotal function in safeguarding biodiversity, addressing climate change, and fostering sustainable development in the area.

The Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor is a remarkable and critically important conservation initiative in Brazil that aims to strategically connect and safeguard fragmented patches within the Atlantic Forest biome. This visionary ecological corridor is a lifeline, pivotal in preserving some of the planet's most imperiled and diverse ecosystems.

Chile's cultural landscape is multifaceted and captivating. A dynamic fusion of indigenous heritage, Spanish colonial influences, and contemporary expressions shape it. From ancient civilizations to colonial heritage and contemporary art scenes, its literature, music, dance, cuisine, and celebrations reflect the country's diverse roots, traditions, and evolving identity.

Spanning about 2,700 miles north to south, Chile’s natural landscape includes deserts, grasslands, shrublands, and temperate and tropical forests. Geographers generally divide Chile into five regions or zones, each with its characteristic vegetation, fauna, climate, and topography.

Chile's extensive and well-managed national park system reflects its unwavering commitment to preserving its remarkable natural heritage. Administered by the National Forest Corporation (CONAF), this system, highlighted by the iconic Route of Parks of Patagonia, provides a sanctuary for diverse ecosystems and abundant biodiversity.

Colombia's cultural landscape is woven together by the vibrancy of its indigenous heritage, Spanish colonial influences, African traditions, and contemporary expressions. This South American nation stands out for its diverse cultural practices, spanning various arts, literature, music, cuisine, and festivals. The richness of the country's cultural heritage reflects the intricate interplay of historical legacies and modern innovations.

Colombia is considered a land of extremes. Located in northwestern South America, its geographic landscape varies from the snow-covered Andes mountains to the tropical beaches of the Caribbean Sea. Due to its variety of ecosystems, Colombia is among the top countries in terms of biodiversity.

Ecuador, located in the northwestern part of South America, boasts a rich and diverse cultural landscape shaped by its history, geography, and vibrant mix of indigenous, European, and African influences. The cultural landscape is a rich combination of heritage, tradition, and a profound appreciation for nature.

Ecuador encompasses a wide range of natural landscapes and climates, ranging from the arid Pacific coastal lowlands to the snow-capped peaks of the Andes Mountains and the lush eastern tropical plains of the Amazon Basin. Adding to Ecuador's natural allure are the Galápagos Islands, an archipelago of volcanic origin off the country's western coast in the Pacific Ocean.

The cultural landscape of El Salvador is a vibrant fusion of indigenous, European, and contemporary influences. The country's history is marked by the ancient Mayan civilization, Spanish colonization, and subsequent waves of immigration. This blend of cultures has shaped El Salvador's traditions, customs, language, cuisine, and arts.

French Guiana's cultural landscape is a fascinating blend of indigenous, African, European, and Asian influences, shaped by its historical legacy and multicultural population. This unique combination contributes to the region's vibrant traditions, languages, music, cuisine, and cultural richness.

French Guiana, an overseas territorial collectivity of France, is located on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. Almost the entire territory is covered by rainforest, and its many large rivers and streams constitute the only natural means of penetration into the interior.

Guyana, located on the northern coast of South America, boasts a rich and diverse cultural landscape shaped by its history, ethnic makeup, and geographical characteristics. The country is known for its fusion of indigenous, African, Indian, European, and Chinese cultures.

Guyana is located in northeastern South America with an Atlantic coastline, much of which is below sea level at high tide. Sometimes classified as part of the Caribbean region, Guyana can be divided into geographic zones, including a coastal plain, a white sand belt, and interior highlands.

With its expansive coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, Argentina may not be immediately associated with islands in the same vein as some other nations. However, several remarkable islands and archipelagos are nestled within its maritime expanse, commanding attention and appreciation. Stretching across the South Atlantic, Argentina's islands and archipelagos are diverse and dynamic, offering a glimpse into the country's rich geography and cultural heritage.

Brazil, the largest country in South America, is renowned for its awe-inspiring natural landscapes, dynamic culture, and unparalleled biodiversity. While the Amazon rainforest and extensive coastline often steal the spotlight, Brazil's lesser-known islands and archipelagos add enchantment to its allure and diversity. These islands capture Brazil's maritime heritage and natural splendor, from secluded tropical paradises to historically rich colonial settlements.

Situated along the rugged Pacific coast of South America, Chile stands as a land of remarkable contrasts and natural wonders. Beyond its towering Andean peaks and arid deserts, Chile is also home to many islands and archipelagos that dot its expansive coastline. These islands, ranging from remote outposts to bustling cultural hubs, form a diverse and captivating collection of landforms, each with unique characteristics and significance.

Colombia, known for its vibrant culture and diverse landscapes, extends its charm beyond its mainland borders into the azure waters of the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Nestled within these pristine waters lies many captivating islands and archipelagos, each offering its unique blend of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and ecological wonders.

Ecuador, renowned for its rich biodiversity and vibrant cultural heritage, boasts a remarkable collection of islands and archipelagos that dot its coastal waters. From the azure depths of the Pacific Ocean to the pristine shores of the Galápagos Islands, each island in Ecuador offers a unique mosaic of ecosystems, cultures, and experiences, reflecting the country's diverse natural wonders and cultural significance.

Peru has islands and archipelagos along its Pacific coastline and lakes, which are not as well-known as other island destinations. However, they are hidden gems that showcase the country's remarkable biodiversity and cultural heritage. These islands and archipelagos contribute significantly to Peru's rich landscapes, wildlife, and cultural diversity.

Venezuela has stunning islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Venezuela. Los Roques Archipelago, a national park with over 300 islands, is perfect for diving and snorkeling. Margarita Island is known for its palm-fringed beaches and cultural significance. These islands are important habitats for endangered fauna, including sea turtles. Venezuela's islands provide opportunities for relaxation amidst breathtaking landscapes and vibrant communities.

Argentina is a vast country with a diverse geography, home to several mountain ranges across different regions. From the towering peaks of the Andes Mountains to the picturesque hills of the Sierra de la Ventana, Argentina's mountains provide a diverse range of experiences for travelers and outdoor enthusiasts.

Bolivia has a diverse and extensive array of mountain ranges, shaped predominantly by the Andes Mountains, which run through its western region. These mountain ranges in Bolivia contribute to the country's diverse and captivating natural beauty, making it a paradise for adventurers, nature enthusiasts, and those seeking to explore the wonders of the Andes.

Chile is known for its diverse mountainous landscapes, a prominent feature of its geography. The mountain ranges of Chile offer a wide range of ecosystems, geological formations, and cultural significance. They contribute to the country's stunning landscapes, unique ecology, and cultural heritage.

The mountain ranges of Colombia contribute to the country's diverse landscapes and ecological importance and offer outdoor activities, research, and exploration opportunities. They showcase the remarkable geographical features and natural beauty that make Colombia a unique and fascinating country to study.

Ecuador is characterized by its stunning and diverse mountainous regions, which play a central role in shaping its unique geography, climate, and culture. The country's mountainous areas are primarily centered around the Andes, which runs from north to south through the heart of Ecuador. However, other mountainous regions add to the country's rich natural beauty and biodiversity.

Peru hosts a diverse and awe-inspiring array of mountain ranges that form part of the more extensive Andes mountain range. These ranges stretch from north to south, shaping the country's topography and providing a home to unique ecosystems and cultural heritage. The Andes Mountains, which run through the country, contain many of Peru's highest peaks.

Venezuela has diverse mountain ranges that offer stunning landscapes and ecological significance. These mountain ranges in Venezuela contribute to the country's breathtaking natural beauty, rich biodiversity, and cultural heritage. They provide opportunities for adventure, exploration, and appreciation of the diverse landscapes that make Venezuela a captivating destination.

Brazil is a vast country with diverse geography, but it is primarily known for its extensive lowland areas and the Amazon Rainforest. Brazil's mountains are predominantly found in the southeastern and southern regions of the country. These ranges include cliffs, dense rainforests, and high-altitude plateaus.

Paraguay has a rich and diverse cultural landscape shaped by its indigenous heritage, colonial history, and the fusion of various ethnic influences. Blending indigenous, colonial, and contemporary influences has shaped a unique cultural identity.

Paraguay is a land-locked country located in the south-central region of South America. The Paraguay River divides the country into two distinct eastern and western geographic regions: Paraneña, where 95% of the population resides, and Chaco Boreal.

Peru is a country with a rich cultural heritage that has been shaped over thousands of years. Its cultural landscape combines the legacies of its ancient civilizations, the influences of its colonial past, the enduring traditions of its indigenous communities, the vibrant expressions of its contemporary art scene, and the unparalleled excellence of its culinary offerings.

Located on the western coast of South America, Peru is one of the world's most biologically diverse countries, boasting an impressive array of ecosystems and climates. Its biodiversity can be organized into four main biomes. Geographically, Peru is traditionally described in terms of three broad longitudinal regions: the Costa, the Sierra, and the Amazonia.

Suriname's cultural landscape is a captivating blend of indigenous heritage, colonial influences, African traditions, and immigrant communities. This diversity, expressed through art, music, cuisine, festivals, and daily life, creates a unique and dynamic cultural experience for residents and visitors alike.

Suriname is located on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America and is its smallest sovereign state. The geography of Suriname consists of rainforests, savanna, and coastal swamps. Its forest cover is approximately 90%, the highest of any nation worldwide.

The Altiplano-Puna plateau is a vast, high-altitude region in west-central South America, where the Andes Mountains reach their greatest width. It spans Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina and is often referred to as the "Altiplano." This plateau is the most extensive high plateau outside of the Tibetan Plateau. The Altiplano Basin lies between the Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Oriental mountain ranges, a vast sedimentary basin that has evolved over geological time.

Resting amidst the rugged slopes on both flanks of the Andes Mountains in southern South America, the Andean Patagonian Forest, known as Bosque Andino Patagónico, serves as a testament to the remarkable beauty and ecological abundance present in this distinctive temperate woodland. Spanning areas in southern Chile and Argentina, it claims the title of the southernmost forest on our planet.

The Andes Mountains, also known as Cordillera de Los Andes, are renowned as the world's lengthiest continental mountain range, extending in a grand trajectory along the western coast of the South American continent. This extraordinary geographical feature not only delineates a slender western coastal area from the remaining expanse of the continent but also claims the distinction of being the tallest mountain range globally outside of Asia.

The Atacama Desert, one of the driest regions on Earth, stretches across northern Chile and features a varied landscape with significant historical, cultural, and ecological importance. Throughout history, the Atacama Desert has been inhabited by ancient civilizations such as the Chinchorro and Atacameño, who adapted to its challenging conditions. Culturally, the region is abundant with ancient artifacts and sites that showcase the resilience and creativity of its early residents. Despite its extreme aridity, the Atacama Desert Ecoregion surprisingly sustains a diverse range of life, making it a testament to the tenacious spirit of life in harsh environments.

The Atlantic Forest, known as Mata Atlântica, is a verdant treasure trove of biodiversity stretching along Brazil's eastern and southeastern coast and into Argentina and Paraguay. Although reduced from its original expanse, this sprawling natural region remains one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet, second only to the Amazon Rainforest. Home to major cities like Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, the Atlantic Forest also provides a habitat for over 148 million people.

The Caatinga is a vast and unique semiarid biome that covers northeast Brazil and is home to various ecosystems, making it the largest dry forest region in South America. This region is characterized by its arid, thorny, and seasonal vegetation, which provides habitats for more than 2,000 species. Recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, the Caatinga faces significant threats, primarily due to land conversion for agriculture and cattle ranching.

The Cerrado, South America's largest savanna region and the most extensive ecoregion in the Americas unfolds across central Brazil, extending its natural wonders into northeastern Paraguay and eastern Bolivia. This savanna, boasting unparalleled biological richness, is a global treasure, home to 5% of the planet's animals and plants and harboring an extraordinary menagerie of life.

The Gran Chaco, or simply Chaco, is a vast and intriguing expanse that stretches across eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and parts of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, seamlessly connected with the Pantanal region. Located in the rain shadow of the Central Andes, it is primarily an alluvial sedimentary plain, home to South America's second-largest forest after the Amazon rainforest. However, it is also one of the most deforested areas in the world.

Latin America, often described as a rainbow of diversity, is a mesmerizing region that stretches from the southern border of the United States to the southernmost tip of South America. This expansive territory encompasses an astonishing array of countries, cultures, and ecosystems, including the enchanting islands of the Caribbean Archipelago, the captivating landscapes of the Central American Isthmus, the multifaceted expanse of Mexico, and the diverse wonders of the South American Continent.

The Pampas, a vast and fertile lowland plain region in South America, unfolds like a natural canvas from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes Mountains. Encompassing the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, and Córdoba, along with all of Uruguay and Brazil's southernmost state, Rio Grande do Sul, it is a region of ecological diversity and cultural significance.

The Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland, unfolds as a colossal seasonal floodplain predominantly situated within Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil's Center-West Region. However, its expansive reach extends into northeastern Paraguay and southeastern Bolivia, creating an ecological masterpiece that captivates with its diverse landscapes and vibrant ecosystems. This remarkable wetland supports a rich array of wildlife and plant species, making it one of the most biodiverse areas on the planet.

The Páramo, or Andean Moorland, is a distinctive high-mountain biome in the Neotropical region, specifically in the upper Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. This grassland ecosystem, situated above the timberline but below the permanent snowline, is renowned for its unique flora and fauna, making it an essential component of the region's biodiversity. The diverse plant species and the varied animal life adapted to these high-altitude conditions underscore the Páramo's importance as a hub of endemic biodiversity.

The Patagonian Desert is a captivating region nestled in the southern reaches of Argentina and Chile. This arid landscape has a rich history and diverse geography, spanning vast expanses defined by the Andes Mountains to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. It is home to many resilient flora and fauna and numerous bird species. The desert's unique climatic conditions and remarkable ability to support life in such a harsh environment make it an area of significant ecological and scientific interest.

The Peruvian Amazon, known locally as "La Selva" (the jungle), unfolds as a vast and awe-inspiring realm stretching from the eastern foothills of the Andes Mountains to the borders shared with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia. It constitutes Peru's extensive portion of the Amazon rainforest, the second-largest after Brazil. La Selva holds a special place in the hearts of Peruvians, encompassing one of the country's three principal geographic regions alongside La Costa (the coast) and La Sierra or Los Montañas (the highlands or mountains).

The Puna, a cold, high-elevation grassland region nestled within the montane grasslands and shrublands biome, shapes the vast expanse of the Central Andes. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Puna stretches from northern Peru through western Bolivia into northern Chile and Argentina. This area is known for its exceptional biodiversity and challenging climates, with unique plant and animal species adapted to its harsh conditions.

Nestled between the shimmering waters of the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west, South America emerges as a continent of unparalleled beauty and cultural richness. It stretches from the steamy jungles of the Amazon Basin in the north to the icy reaches of Patagonia in the south, creating a rich diversity of natural and cultural landscapes that have captivated explorers, scientists, and travelers for centuries.

Occupying the southernmost reaches of the South American continent, encompassing Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, with the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Southern Cone unravels as a rich mosaic of history, diverse landscapes and thriving economies. Beyond its recognized nations, this subregion extends its influence to Brazil's southern states and Paraguay, reflecting shared histories and geographical connections.

The Yungas is a remarkable subtropical forest belt along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains, spanning Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. This unique natural region is a transitional zone, linking the Andean highlands to the lush eastern forests and creating a haven for biodiversity amidst its humid, subtropical climate. The Yungas are characterized by their dense vegetation and diverse ecosystems, which support a wide range of plant and animal species, making it a critical area for conservation.

The Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena Hotspot, spanning from Panama to Peru, is a biodiverse region threatened by urbanization, hunting, and deforestation. Positioned along the western flank of the Andes Mountains, this hotspot encompasses various ecosystems, hosting an extraordinary range of flora and fauna. With unique ecosystems and species, urgent conservation efforts are needed to protect this hotspot from further decline and preserve its exceptional biodiversity.

Uruguay, a small South American country between Brazil and Argentina, has a rich and diverse cultural landscape. Its culture blends indigenous roots, European influences, rural traditions, vibrant festivals, intellectualism, and a love for sports and the arts.

Uruguay is located in the Southern Cone of South America on the southeastern Atlantic coast. Much of the country is a gently rolling plain that represents a transition from the almost featureless Argentine pampas in the west to the hilly uplands of southern Brazil in the east.

Venezuela has a rich and diverse cultural landscape that reflects a blend of indigenous, Spanish, African, and Caribbean influences. The country's cultural expressions are shaped by its history, resulting in a fascinating and complex mix of traditions that continue to evolve today. From the colorful art and music to the delicious cuisine and festive celebrations, every aspect of Venezuela's culture embodies a unique identity deeply rooted in its heritage.

Venezuela is located on the northern coast of South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the north and northeast. The country has four distinct geographical regions: the Venezuelan Highlands, the Maracaibo Lowlands, the Orinoco Plains, and the Guiana Highlands.

Argentina boasts diverse water bodies across its expansive terrain, offering visitors a rich tapestry of natural wonders to discover. Situated along the eastern border, the Atlantic Ocean graces Argentina with extensive coastlines adorned by picturesque beaches, ideal for leisurely seaside activities. Whether seeking adventure or solace in nature, Argentina's aquatic landscapes present abundant opportunities to connect with the country's natural heritage.

Bolivia is a landlocked country in South America, which means it lacks direct access to the ocean. However, it is home to several notable water bodies that play a vital role in the country's geography, ecology, and cultural heritage. While Bolivia's water bodies may not have coastal landscapes, they still play a crucial role in the country's geography, ecology, and cultural heritage.

Brazil, the largest country in South America, is blessed with a wide variety of water bodies that span its vast and diverse landscape. The country offers a remarkable range of aquatic environments, from mighty rivers and expansive wetlands to breathtaking waterfalls and stunning coastal areas.

Chile is home to various water bodies, ranging from expansive rivers and lakes to stunning gulfs, bays, and fjords. Its extensive coastline stretches along the Pacific Ocean, offering dramatic cliffs, beautiful beaches, and vibrant marine life. The major rivers provide water resources and support ecosystems. Notable lakes like General Carrera, Llanquihue, and Panguipulli offer scenic beauty and recreational opportunities.

Colombia is located in South America and is known for its diverse geography, encompassing the Andes Mountains, the Caribbean Sea, the Pacific Ocean, and the Amazon rainforest in the south. Colombia boasts various water bodies, including rivers, lakes, lagoons, gulfs, bays, and coastal areas, that play a crucial role in the country's ecosystems. These water bodies provide habitats for many plant and animal species and are natural treasures essential to Colombia's cultural heritage and economic development.

Ecuador is a country in South America home to various water bodies. The Pacific Ocean borders the country to the west. The Amazon River runs through Ecuador, and the country hosts many other rivers, lakes, lagoons, and reservoirs that are essential to the country's natural and cultural heritage. The water bodies of Ecuador are an integral part of the country's natural and cultural heritage.

French Guiana, situated on the northeastern coast of South America, has diverse bodies of water contributing to its unique ecological and cultural landscape. From meandering rivers like the Maroni and Oyapock, which form natural borders with neighboring countries, to serene lakes such as Laussat and Vieux Saramea, nestled within lush rainforests, the region is rich in aquatic diversity.

From large rivers and extensive estuaries to coastal lagoons and offshore zones, Guyana's bodies of water provide a wealth of natural resources, support a wide array of wildlife, and offer numerous opportunities for recreation and livelihoods.

Paraguay is a South American country without direct access to the sea. However, it has many diverse bodies of water that significantly impact its geography, ecology, and culture. The Paraguay River runs from north to south and is the country's most important waterway. Although Paraguay does not have access to the open seas, its bodies of water are vital resources that enrich the nation's environment, support its economy, and contribute to the well-being of its people.

Peru, a land of striking geographical diversity and storied cultural heritage, is adorned with an impressive tapestry of water bodies that sculpt its terrain and imbue its inhabitants' lives with vitality. Beyond ecological significance, its water bodies are repositories of cultural heritage and the source of spiritual reverence and artistic inspiration. Water is central to Peruvian culture, connecting communities through traditional fishing practices, ceremonial offerings, and coastal festivals.

Suriname's diverse water bodies, from mangroves to coastal lagoons, support rich biodiversity and facilitate trade. Despite its short coastline, the country's estuaries and wetlands are home to unique ecosystems. Each water body is crucial to Suriname's identity and development, highlighting the relationship between nature and human activity.

Despite being smaller than its neighboring countries, Uruguay has important bodies of water that significantly shape its geography, economy, and cultural identity. The Río de la Plata and the Atlantic coastline are essential gateways to the sea, serving as vital connections for trade, commerce, and tourism. These coastal regions are home to Uruguay's pristine beaches and vibrant seaside towns, significantly contributing to its tourism industry and cultural allure.

Venezuela's aquatic landscape is shaped by the Orinoco River, one of South America's most extensive waterways, flowing through rainforests and fertile plains. Lake Maracaibo, the continent's largest lake, sustains diverse ecosystems. These water bodies sustain life in Venezuela, facilitating transportation and agriculture. They provide habitats for aquatic species and are vital for indigenous communities' sustenance, cultural practices, and spiritual connection.