Ecosystem

The Atlantic Coastal Lowlands extend along Brazil's eastern coastline, from Amapá to Rio Grande do Sul, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. This region is characterized by sandy beaches, lagoons, and mangrove swamps, with flat plains that gradually rise inland toward the Brazilian Highlands. It holds historical and economic significance, containing some of Brazil's largest cities and essential ecosystems supporting biodiversity.

The Brazil Current is the western boundary current of the South Atlantic Ocean and a key part of the global thermohaline circulation system. This warm current flows south along Brazil's extensive coast, transporting tropical waters from equatorial areas toward the temperate regions of the South Atlantic. The Brazil Current is crucial for regulating regional climate, supporting marine ecosystems, and moving heat across the ocean. Its influence affects Brazil's coastal climate and the broader Atlantic Ocean circulation, making it an important element of both regional and global ocean systems.

The Humboldt Current, also known as the Peru Current, stands as one of Earth's most significant oceanic systems and a cornerstone of marine productivity in the eastern South Pacific. This remarkable cold-water current creates a distinct marine environment characterized by nutrient-rich waters and extraordinary biodiversity that supports some of the world's most productive fishing grounds. This oceanic giant flows northward from Antarctic waters along South America's west coast. Its influence extends beyond marine life, shaping regional climate, supporting millions of seabirds, and sustaining global fishing industries.

The Sierra Madre evergreen forests, spanning the rugged mountainous terrain of western Mexico, are a lush and vibrant ecosystem characterized by year-round greenery and diverse flora and fauna. This ecosystem, which encompasses a range of altitudes, climates, and habitats, thrives on the slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental mountain ranges and supports a remarkable array of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic to the region.

The Sumapaz Páramo is a stunningly beautiful and ecologically important region in the Colombian Andes. It is the largest moorland ecosystem on the planet and features vast expanses of high mountain grasslands, rugged peaks, rolling hills, and vibrant colors. Sumapaz National Natural Park safeguards this area and serves as a sanctuary for countless species of flora and fauna amidst the pristine wilderness.